What does NMN do ?

Overall Health Benefits of NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide)

NMN is a molecule that has been gaining attention in the scientific community for its potential health benefits. These include:

Bone Repair

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) plays a significant role in bone repair. It aids in the production of collagen, a protein that provides structure and strength to our bones. By boosting collagen production, NMN can help repair damaged bones and prevent bone-related diseases. This makes NMN a potential ally in maintaining bone health and combating conditions like osteoporosis. Additionally, NMN's role in energy metabolism can support the energy-demanding process of bone repair and remodeling. This is particularly important as we age and bone density naturally decreases. Therefore, NMN's role in bone repair is not only crucial for injury recovery but also for maintaining overall skeletal health.

Fights Cancer

Emerging research suggests that NMN can help fight cancer. It does this by enhancing the body's immune response and inhibiting the growth of cancer cells. This is a promising area of study that could lead to new cancer treatments. NMN's potential role in cancer prevention and treatment is an exciting frontier in oncology research, offering hope for more effective strategies in the battle against this disease. Furthermore, NMN's role in DNA repair can help prevent the genetic mutations that often lead to cancer, adding another layer to its potential as a cancer-fighting agent.

Cardiovascular health

NMN can benefit cardiovascular health in several ways. It can improve blood flow, reduce inflammation, and protect against heart disease. By supporting the health of your cardiovascular system, NMN can help safeguard against heart disease and improve overall heart function. This makes it a powerful ally for a healthy heart and a robust circulatory system. Additionally, NMN's role in energy metabolism can support the high energy demands of the heart, further contributing to cardiovascular health.

DNA Repair

NMN aids in DNA repair, a vital process that fixes damage to the DNA molecule. By enhancing this process, NMN can help maintain genetic stability and prevent diseases. This is crucial for preventing mutations that can lead to diseases like cancer. With its role in DNA repair, NMN supports the integrity of our genetic material, contributing to overall cellular health. Furthermore, by supporting DNA repair, NMN can help combat the effects of aging and environmental damage on our DNA, potentially slowing the aging process and reducing the risk of age-related diseases.

Eye Protection

NMN has been found to have significant benefits for eye health. It can protect the eyes by reducing oxidative stress, a major cause of age-related eye diseases. Oxidative stress can damage the retina and lead to conditions like macular degeneration and cataracts. By reducing oxidative stress, NMN can help protect against these conditions. Furthermore, NMN's role in energy metabolism can support the high energy demands of the eyes, contributing to overall eye health. Therefore, NMN's role in eye protection is not only crucial for maintaining vision but also for preventing the onset of age-related eye diseases.

Boosts Immune Function

NMN can boost immune function by enhancing the activity of immune cells. This can help protect against infections and diseases. A strong immune system is vital for warding off illnesses and keeping you healthy. Furthermore, NMN's role in energy metabolism can support the energy-demanding processes of the immune system, further enhancing immune function. By supporting immune function, NMN can help maintain overall health and wellbeing, making it a valuable supplement for those looking to boost their immunity.

Longevity

NMN is linked to longevity due to its role in energy metabolism and DNA repair. By boosting NAD+ levels, it may help slow the aging process. This could potentially extend lifespan and improve quality of life in older age. Furthermore, by supporting DNA repair and reducing oxidative stress, NMN can combat the cellular damage that contributes to aging, further supporting longevity. Therefore, NMN's potential role in promoting longevity extends beyond simply extending lifespan - it could also improve the quality of those extra years.

Metabolism

NMN plays a key role in energy metabolism. It helps convert food into energy, supporting overall metabolic health. This is crucial for maintaining energy levels, supporting physical activity, and promoting healthy weight management. Furthermore, NMN's role in boosting NAD+ levels can enhance cellular metabolism, further supporting energy production. Therefore, NMN's role in metabolism is not only crucial for providing the energy we need to function but also for supporting overall health and wellbeing.

Improves Cognitive Function

NMN can improve cognitive function by enhancing brain energy metabolism and protecting against neurodegenerative diseases. The brain is an energy-demanding organ, and NMN's role in energy metabolism can support the high energy demands of the brain, contributing to cognitive function. Furthermore, NMN's role in DNA repair and reducing oxidative stress can protect against the neuronal damage that can lead to cognitive decline. Therefore, NMN's role in improving cognitive function is not only crucial for maintaining mental sharpness but also for preventing the onset of neurodegenerative diseases.

Improves Fertility

Research suggests that NMN can improve fertility by protecting egg quality and enhancing reproductive health. NMN's role in DNA repair can help maintain the genetic integrity of eggs, which is crucial for fertility. Furthermore, NMN's role in energy metabolism can support the energy-demanding processes of reproduction, further enhancing fertility. Therefore, NMN's potential role in improving fertility extends beyond simply increasing the chances of conception - it could also contribute to the health of future generations.

Skin and Muscle

NMN can benefit skin and muscle health by boosting collagen production and enhancing energy metabolism. Collagen is a protein that provides structure and strength to the skin and muscles, and NMN's role in collagen production can support skin and muscle health. Furthermore, NMN's role in energy metabolism can support the energy-demanding processes of skin and muscle maintenance and repair. Therefore, NMN's role in skin and muscle health is not only crucial for maintaining physical strength and appearance but also for supporting overall health and wellbeing.

Organ Health

NMN can support organ health by enhancing energy metabolism and reducing oxidative stress. Organs are energy-demanding tissues, and NMN's role in energy metabolism can support the high energy demands of organs, contributing to organ health. Furthermore, NMN's role in reducing oxidative stress can protect organs from damage, further supporting organ health. Therefore, NMN's role in organ health is not only crucial for maintaining the function of individual organs but also for supporting overall health and wellbeing.

Mechanism

NMN works by boosting the levels of NAD+ in the body. NAD+ is a critical coenzyme that powers metabolic processes and impacts a wide range of systems, including energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cell survival. However, NAD+ levels naturally decline with age, leading to metabolic dysfunction and increased risk of disease. By supplementing with NMN, we can increase our NAD+ levels, potentially improving health and longevity.

These benefits are backed by more than 100 scientific studies, which we will delve into later in this article.

Chemical Structure of NMN

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) is a nucleotide derived from ribose and nicotinamide. Like nicotinamide riboside, NMN is a derivative of niacin, and humans have enzymes that can use NMN to generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).

NMN is made up of a nicotinamide molecule, a ribose, and a phosphate group. The ribose is a simple sugar that is essential to the production of ATP, the primary energy carrier in cells, while the phosphate group enhances the molecule's stability and supports its role in the biosynthesis of NAD+.

«NMN is made up of a nicotinamide molecule, a ribose, and a phosphate group.»

This unique structure allows NMN to play a crucial role in the production of energy in the body. It is a key player in the creation of NAD+, a coenzyme that plays a vital role in the transfer of energy in cells and supports cellular metabolism.

«NMN is a key player in the creation of NAD+, a coenzyme that plays a vital role in the transfer of energy in cells and supports cellular metabolism.»

Which food contain NMN ?

NMN, or Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, is a powerful compound that can be found naturally in various food sources. These include edamame, broccoli, cabbage, cucumber, avocados, tomatoes, and raw beef. For instance, edamame, a preparation of immature soybeans in the pod, is known to have a high concentration of NMN. Similarly, vegetables like broccoli and cabbage are rich in this compound. Fruits such as avocados and tomatoes also contain NMN, making them a great addition to your diet if you're looking to increase your NMN intake. Even certain types of meat, like raw beef, have been found to contain NMN. However, it's important to note that while these foods do contain NMN, the concentrations are relatively low, and you would need to consume them in large amounts to see significant increases in NMN levels in the body. That's why many people opt for NMN supplements, like those offered by C60 France, to ensure they're getting an effective dose.

In the next part of this article, we will delve deeper into the specific health benefits of NMN, backed by scientific studies.

List of Research on NMN

This table lists the major scientific studies into the health benefits of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN).

Reference of  NMN scientific studies

1. Alessia Grozio, Kathryn F. Mills, Jun Yoshino, Santina Bruzzone, Giovanna Sociali, Kyohei Tokizane, Hanyue Cecilia Lei, Richard Cunningham, Yo Sasaki, Marie E. Migaud, Shin-ichiro Imai.Slc12a8 is a nicotinamide mononucleotide transporter.Nat Metab, 2019; DOI:10.1038/s42255-018-0009-4.
2. Huang RX, Tao J. Nicotinamide mononucleotide attenuates glucocorticoid-induced osteogenic inhibition by regulating the SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway.Mol Med Rep. 2020;22(1):145-154. doi:10.3892/mmr.2020.11116
3. Lv H, Lv G, Chen C, Zong Q, Jiang G, Ye D, Cui X, He Y, Xiang W, Han Q, Tang L, Yang W, Wang H.NAD+Metabolism Maintains Inducible PD-L1 Expression to Drive Tumor Immune Evasion.Cell Metab. 2020 Nov 9.DOI:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.10.021
4. Martin AS, Abraham DM, Hershberger KA, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide requires SIRT3 to improve cardiac function and bioenergetics in a Friedreich’s ataxia cardiomyopathy model.JCI Insight. 2017;2(14):e93885. Published 2017 Jul 20. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.93885
5. Hisayuki Amano, Arindam Chaudhury, Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo, Lan Lu, Viktor Akhanov, Andre Catic, Yury V. Popov, Eric Verdin, Hannah Johnson, Fabio Stossi, David A. Sinclair, Eiko Nakamaru-Ogiso, Gabriel Lopez-Berestein, Jeffrey T. Chang, Joel R. Neilson, Alan Meeker, Milton Finegold, Joseph A. Baur, Ergun Sahin.Telomere dysfunction induces sirtuin repression that drives telomere-dependent disease.Cell Metab, 2019; DOI:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.03.001.
6. Chen X, Amorim JA, Moustafa GA, Lee JJ, Yu Z, Ishihara K, Iesato Y, Barbisan P, Ueta T, Togka KA, Lu L, Sinclair DA, Vavvas DG. Neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of action of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) in a photoreceptor degenerative model of retinal detachment. Aging (Albany NY). 2020 Dec 29;12.doi: 10.18632/aging.202453. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33373320.
7. Omran HM, Almaliki MS.Influence of NAD+ as an ageing-related immunomodulator on COVID 19 infection: A hypothesis. J Infect Public Health. 2020 Sep;13(9):1196-1201. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.004. Epub 2020 Jun 7. PMID: 32534944; PMCID: PMC7275989.
8. Yoshida M, Satoh A, Lin JB, et al. Extracellular Vesicle-Contained eNAMPT Delays Aging and Extends Lifespan in Mice. Cell Metab. 2019;30(2):329-342.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.015
9. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, Patti G, Franczyk MP, Mills KF, Sindelar M, Pietka T, Patterson BW, Imai SI, Klein S. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021 Apr 22:eabe9985. doi: 10.1126/science.abe9985. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33888596.
10. Sanli Xing, Yiran Hu, Xujiao Huang, Dingzhu Shen, Chuan Chen.Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase related signalling pathway in early Alzheimer’s disease mouse models.Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China (2019)doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.10782
11. Xie X, Yu C, Zhou J, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide ameliorates the depression-like behaviors and is associated with attenuating the disruption of mitochondrial bioenergetics in depressed mice.J Affect Disord. 2020;263:166-174. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.147
12. Liang Shu, Xiaolei Shen, Yaxue Zhao, Xinwei He, Jiawen Yin, Jingjing Su, Qiang Li, Jianren Liu.Mechanisms of transformation of nicotinamide mononucleotides to cerebral infarction hemorrhage based on MCAO model.Saudi J Biol Sci, 2020; DOI:10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.12.023.
13. Yang L, Lin X, Tang H, Fan Y, Zeng S, Jia L, Li Y, Shi Y, He S, Wang H, Hu Z, Gong X, Liang X, Yang Y, Liu X. Mitochondrial DNA mutation exacerbates female reproductive aging via impairment of the NADH/NAD+ redox.Aging Cell. 2020 Sep;19(9):e13206. doi: 10.1111/acel.13206.
14. Assiri MA, Ali HR, Marentette JO, Yun Y, Liu J, Hirschey MD, Saba LM, Harris PS, and Fritz KS.Investigating RNA expression profiles altered by nicotinamide mononucleotide therapy in a chronic model of alcoholic liver disease.Hum Genomics, 2019; DOI:10.1186/s40246-019-0251-1.
15. Jia Y, Kang X, Tan L, Ren Y, Qu L, Tang J, Liu G, Wang S, Xiong Z and Yang L (2021)Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Attenuates Renal Interstitial Fibrosis After AKI by Suppressing Tubular DNA Damage and Senescence.Front. Physiol.12:649547. doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.649547
16. Zong Z, Liu J, Wang N, Yang C, Wang Q, Zhang W, Chen Y, Liu X, Deng H.Nicotinamide mononucleotide inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation to prevent liver fibrosis via promoting PGE2degradation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2020 Nov 19:S0891-5849(20)31626-9. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.014. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33220424.
17. Meng YF, Pu Q, Dai SY, Ma Q, Li X, Zhu W.Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Alleviates Hyperosmolarity-Induced IL-17a Secretion and Macrophage Activation in Corneal Epithelial Cells/Macrophage Co-Culture System. J Inflamm Res. 2021 Feb 22;14:479-493. doi:10.2147/JIR.S292764. PMID: 33658825; PMCID: PMC7917392.
18. Li J, Bonkowski MS, Moniot S, et al. A conserved NAD+ binding pocket that regulates protein-protein interactions during aging. Science. 2017;355(6331):1312-1317. doi:10.1126/science.aad8242
19. Miao Y, Li X, Shi X, Gao Q, Chen J, Wang R, Fan Y, Xiong B.Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Restores the Meiotic Competency of Porcine Oocytes Exposed to Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether.Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Feb 2;9:628580. doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.628580.
20. Mills et al., 2016, Cell Metabolism 24, 795–806, December 13, 2016 ª 2016 Elsevier Inc. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.09.013.
21. Gomes AP, Price NL, Ling AJ, et al. Declining NAD(+) induces a pseudohypoxic state disrupting nuclear-mitochondrial communication during aging. Cell. 2013;155(7):1624-1638. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.037.
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23. Yamamoto T, Byun J, Zhai P, Ikeda Y, Oka S, et al. (2014) Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, an Intermediate of NAD+ Synthesis, Protects the Heart from Ischemia and Reperfusion. PLoS ONE 9(6): e98972. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098972.
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25. de Picciotto NE, Gano LB, Johnson LC, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation reverses vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress with aging in mice. Aging Cell. 2016;15(3):522-530. doi:10.1111/acel.12461.
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27. Keisuke Okabe, Keisuke Yaku, Kazuyuki Tobe, Takashi Nakagawa.Implications of altered NAD metabolism in metabolic disorders.J Biomed Sci, 2019; DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0527-8.
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32. Yoo KH, Tang JJ, Rashid MA, Cho CH, Corujo-Ramirez A, Choi J, Bae MG, Brogren D, Hawse JR, Hou X, Weroha SJ, Oliveros A, Kirkeby LA, Baur JA, Jang MH. Nicotinamide mononucleotide prevents cisplatin-induced cognitive impairments. Cancer Res. 2021 Mar 26:canres.3290.2020. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-3290.
33. Forte M, Bianchi F, Cotugno M, Marchitti S, De Falco E, Raffa S, Stanzione R, Di Nonno F, Chimenti I, Palmerio S, Pagano F, Petrozza V, Micaloni A, Madonna M, Relucenti M, Torrisi MR, Frati G, Volpe M, Rubattu S, Sciarretta S.Pharmacological restoration of autophagy reduces hypertension-related stroke occurrence. Autophagy. 2020 Aug;16(8):1468-1481. doi:10.1080/15548627.2019.1687215. Epub 2019 Nov 12. PMID: 31679456; PMCID: PMC7469607.
34. Li B, Shi Y, Liu M, Wu F, Hu X, Yu F, Wang C, Ye L. Attenuates of NAD+ impair BMSC osteogenesis and fracture repair through OXPHOS. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022 Feb 22;13(1):77. doi: 10.1186/s13287-022-02748-9. PMID: 35193674; PMCID: PMC8864833.
35. Hu M, Xing L, Zhang L, Liu F, Wang S, Xie Y, Wang J, Jiang H, Guo J, Li X, Wang J, Sui L, Li C, Liu D, Liu Z. NAP1L2 drives mesenchymal stem cell senescence and suppresses osteogenic differentiation. Aging Cell. 2022 Jan 15:e13551. doi: 10.1111/acel.13551. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35032339.
36. Song J, Li J, Yang F, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide promotes osteogenesis and reduces adipogenesis by regulating mesenchymal stromal cells via the SIRT1 pathway in aged bone marrow. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(5):336. Published 2019 Apr 18. doi:10.1038/s41419-019-1569-2.
37. Yoo KH, Tang JJ, Rashid MA, Cho CH, Corujo-Ramirez A, Choi J, Bae MG, Brogren D, Hawse JR, Hou X, Weroha SJ, Oliveros A, Kirkeby LA, Baur JA, Jang MH. Nicotinamide mononucleotide prevents cisplatin-induced cognitive impairments. Cancer Res. 2021 Mar 26:canres.3290.2020. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-3290.
38. Zhen Yu, Shuai Tong, Can Zhang et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide enhances the efficacy and persistence of CD19 CAR-T cells via NAD + –Sirt1 axis, 19 April 2022, PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square [https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1483519/v1].
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40. Gan L, Liu D, Liu J, Chen E, Chen C, Liu L, Hu H, Guan X, Ma W, Zhang Y, He Y, Liu B, Tang S, Jiang W, Xue J, Xin H. CD38 deficiency alleviates Ang II-induced vascular remodeling by inhibiting small extracellular vesicle-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell senescence in mice. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021 Jun 11;6(1):223. doi: 10.1038/s41392-021-00625-0. PMID: 34112762.
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43. Hosseini L, Vafaee MS, Badalzadeh R. Melatonin and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Attenuate Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Modulation of Mitochondrial Function and Hemodynamic Parameters in Aged Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2020 May;25(3):240-250. doi: 10.1177/1074248419882002.
44. Zhang R, Shen Y, Zhou L, et al. Short-term administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide preserves cardiac mitochondrial homeostasis and prevents heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2017;112:64-73. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.09.001.
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46. Guo X, Tan S, Wang T, Sun R, Li S, Tian P, Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yan Y, Dong Z, Yan L, Yue X, Wu Z, Li C, Yamagata K, Gao L, Ma C, Li T, Liang X. NAD+ salvage governs mitochondrial metabolism, invigorating natural killer cell antitumor immunity. Hepatology. 2022 Jul 11. doi: 10.1002/hep.32658. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35815363.
47. Nomiyama T, Setoyama D, Yasukawa T, Kang D. Mitochondria Metabolomics Reveals a Role of β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Metabolism in Mitochondrial DNA Replication. J Biochem. 2021 Dec 4:mvab136. doi: 10.1093/jb/mvab136. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34865026.
48. Hunt NJ, Lockwood GP, Kang SWS, Westwood LJ, Limantoro C, Chrzanowski W, McCourt PAG, Kuncic Z, Le Couteur DG, Cogger VC. Quantum Dot Nanomedicine Formulations Dramatically Improve Pharmacological Properties and Alter Uptake Pathways of Metformin and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in Aging Mice. ACS Nano. 2021 Feb 24. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09278. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33626869.
49. Uddin GM, Youngson NA, Chowdhury SS, Hagan C, Sinclair DA, Morris MJ. Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) Reduces Metabolic Impairment in Male Mouse Offspring from Obese Mothers. Cells. 2020 Mar 25;9(4):791. doi: 10.3390/cells9040791.
50. Kim HW, Ryoo GH, Jang HY, Rah SY, Lee DH, Kim DK, Bae EJ, Park BH. NAD+-boosting molecules suppress mast cell degranulation and anaphylactic responses in mice. Theranostics. 2022 Apr 11;12(7):3316-3328. doi: 10.7150/thno.69684. PMID: 35547746; PMCID: PMC9065190.
51. Liu J, Zong Z, Zhang W, Chen Y, Wang X, Shen J, Yang C, Liu X, Deng H. Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Alleviates LPS-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress via Decreasing COX-2 Expression in Macrophages. Front Mol Biosci. 2021 Jul 6;8:702107. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.702107. PMID: 34295923; PMCID: PMC8290259.
52. Niu KM, Bao T, Gao L, Ru M, Li Y, Jiang L, Ye C, Wang S, Wu X. The Impacts of Short-Term NMN Supplementation on Serum Metabolism, Fecal Microbiota, and Telomere Length in Pre-Aging Phase. Front Nutr. 2021 Nov 29;8:756243. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.756243. PMID: 34912838; PMCID: PMC8667784.
53. Xiaonan Wang, Wuejun Hu, Yang Yang, Toshihiro Takata, Takashi Sakurai. Nicotinamide mononucleotide protects against ß-amyloid oligomer-induced cognitive impairment and neuronal death. Brain Res, 2016; DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.060.
54. Chandrasekaran K, Najimi N, Sagi AR, Yarlagadda S, Salimian M, Arvas MI, Hedayat AF, Kevas Y, Kadakia A, Russell JW. NAD+ Precursors Repair Mitochondrial Function in Diabetes and Prevent Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Apr 28;23(9):4887. doi: 10.3390/ijms23094887. PMID: 35563288; PMCID: PMC9102948.
55. Stefano Tarantini, Marta Noa Valcarcel-Ares, Peter Toth, Andriy Yabluchanskiy, Zsuzsanna Tucsek, Tamas Kiss, Peter Hertelendy, Michael Kinter, Praveen Ballabh, Zoltan Sule, Eszter Farkas, Joseph A. Baur, David A. Sinclair, Anna Csistzar, Zoltan Ungvari. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation rescues cerebromicrovascular endothelial function and neurovascular coupling responses and improves cognitive function inn aged mice. Redox Biol, 2019; DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101192.
56. Tamas Kiss, Priya Balasubramanian, Marta Noa Valcarcel-Ares, Stefano Tarantini, Andriy Yabluchanskiy, Tamas Csipo, Agnes Lipecz, Dora Reglodi, Xin A. Zhang, Ferenc Bari, Eszter Farkas, Anna Csiszar, Zoltan Ungvari. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) treatment attenuates oxidative stress and rescues angiogenic capacity in aged cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells: a potential mechanism for the prevention of vascular cognitive impairment. Geroscience, 2019; DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00074-2.
57. Leila Hosseini, Fatemeh Farokhi-Sisakht, Reza Badalzadeh, Aytak Khabbaz, Javad Mahmoudi, Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad. Nicotinamide mononucleotide and melatonin alleviate aging-induced cognitive impairment via modulation of mitochondrial function and apoptosis in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Neuroscience, 2019; DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.09.037.
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60. Chandrasekaran K, Choi J, Arvas MI, Salimian M, Singh S, Xu S, Gullapalli RP, Kristian T, Russell JW. Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Administration Prevents Experimental Diabetes-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Loss of Hippocampal Neurons. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 May 26;21(11):3756. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113756. PMID: 32466541; PMCID: PMC7313029.
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62. Chandrasekaran K, Najimi N, Sagi AR, Yarlagadda S, Salimian M, Arvas MI, Hedayat AF, Kevas Y, Kadakia A, Russell JW. NAD+ Precursors Repair Mitochondrial Function in Diabetes and Prevent Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Apr 28;23(9):4887. doi: 10.3390/ijms23094887. PMID: 35563288; PMCID: PMC9102948.
63. Yu M, Zheng X, Cheng F, Shao B, Zhuge Q, Jin K. Metformin, Rapamycin, or Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Pretreatment Attenuate Cognitive Impairment After Cerebral Hypoperfusion by Inhibiting Microglial Phagocytosis. Front Neurol. 2022 Jun 13;13:903565. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.903565. PMID: 35769369; PMCID: PMC9234123.
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